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hormones






        Hormones (living messenger)                   

  .  Hormones are chemical substances that our bodies use to regulate every physiological process. They are secreted by one cell or organ and used by another. They circulate in our blood from the secretory organ to the target organ. They are regulated by complex feedback loops that keep them balanced within specific ranges. They are necessary for growth, reproduction, maintenance of homeostasis, metabolism and all other life functions

Cellular Functions And Receptors

 Hormones function by regulating processes within the individual cells in our bodies. They do this by combining with receptors on the cell membrane. The hormone fits into a specific receptor much the same way a key fits into a lock. When the hormone combines with a receptor, it causes or blocks some activity. For example, when insulin combines with insulin receptors, glucose is carried into the cell, where it can be used for energy

Their Building Blocks

 Hormones are made from other substances, primarily proteins and fats. There are three main types of hormones. Amine-derived hormones are made from tryptophan and tyrosine, two amino acids. Catecholamines are amine-derived hormones.
Peptides are made from chains of amino acids. Insulin is a peptide hormone. Sometimes peptid chains have glucose molecules attached to them, and they are called glycoproteins. These are larger hormone molecules, such as follicle stimulating hormone.
Lipid or phospholipids are made from fatty acids. Steroids, including sex hormones, and prostaglandins are examples of lipid hormones

Hormone Replacement Therapy

 Because they are necessary for cellular function, inadequate levels of any hormone can have serious effects. Many of the diseases of aging may be due to problems with hormone production, transportation or receptors. Replacing them when you are deficient is often necessary, especially as people grow older. Many people take thyroid hormone or other hormone replacements.



 Reference  

1-Shuster, Michèle (2014-03-14). Biology for a changing world, with physiology (Second ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 9781464151132. OCLC 884499940.
 2- "Signal relay pathways". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
3-Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, Lumsden MA, Murad MH, Pinkerton JV, Santen RJ (November 2015). "Treatment of Symptoms of the Menopause: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline" (PDF). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100 (11): 3975–4011. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2236. PMID 26444994. Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, Archer DF, Boyd N, Braunstein GD, Burger HG, Colditz GA, Davis SR, Gambacciani M, Gower BA, Henderson VW, Jarjour WN, Karas RH, Kleerekoper M, Lobo RA, Manson JE, Marsden J, Martin KA, Martin L, Pinkerton JV, Rubinow DR, Teede H, Thiboutot DM, Utian WH (July 2010). "Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95 (7 Suppl 1): s1–s66. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2509. PMC 6287288. PMID 20566620.

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